Which factors increase vulnerability to disease and non-battle injuries?

• A. Harshness of the environment
• B. Disruption of the body's natural defense
• C. Breakdowns in basic sanitation
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Vulnerability to disease and non-battle injuries rises when environmental exposure is high, the body's defenses are compromised, and sanitation conditions are poor. Harsh environments increase stress, temperature extremes, dust, and physical strain, all of which raise both exposure to hazards and the likelihood of injury. When the body's natural defenses are disrupted, the skin barrier and immune responses weaken, making infections more likely and recovery slower. Breakdowns in basic sanitation raise pathogen load and transmission, further elevating risk. These factors interact and compound one another, so addressing all of them is essential to reduce vulnerability.