Which heat injury is characterized by painful cramps of voluntary muscles, primarily in extremities and abdominal wall due to salt loss through sweating?

• A. Heat exhaustion
• B. Heat cramps
• C. Heat stroke
• D. Heat syncope

Answer: (B)

Painful cramps in voluntary muscles, especially in the arms, legs, and abdominal wall, that occur with sweating in hot conditions are classic for heat cramps. The cramps come from electrolyte losses—primarily salt (sodium) and other minerals—during heavy sweating, which makes muscles and nerves more prone to spasms. Management focuses on stopping activity, resting in a cooler place, and replacing fluids with electrolytes (oral or IV as needed), along with gentle stretching and massage of the cramped muscles. Prevention includes staying hydrated with electrolyte-containing drinks during prolonged sweating and maintaining adequate salt intake when in hot environments. This differentiates heat cramps from heat exhaustion, which involves generalized symptoms like weakness and dizziness; heat stroke, which features high fever and altered mental status; and heat syncope, which is fainting due to blood pooling rather than focal muscle cramps.