Which of the following are non-freezing injuries?

• A. Chillbains, Hypothermia, Immersion syndrome (Trench foot)
• B. Frostbite, Hypothermia, Immersion syndrome
• C. Heat exhaustion, Hypothermia, Immersion syndrome
• D. Chillbains only

Answer: (A)

Non-freezing cold injuries arise from prolonged exposure to damp, cold conditions that do not cause tissue to freeze. The classic examples are chillblains (pernio) and immersion syndrome (trench foot), both of which result from cold, wet exposure damaging superficial tissues without actual freezing. Including hypothermia reflects a systemic cold-related condition that also stems from extended cold exposure, rather than a localized freezing injury. In contrast, frostbite is a freezing injury where tissue actually freezes, and heat-related conditions like heat exhaustion are not cold injuries. Therefore, the set that includes chillblains, hypothermia, and immersion syndrome best fits non-freezing injuries.